Publications
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
A landmark volume in science writing, A Brief History of Time explores the outer reaches of our knowledge of astrophysics and the nature of time and the universe. From the Big Bang to black holes, Stephen Hawking provides a brilliant overview of the development of cosmology and the role that scientific theories play in our understanding of the universe. This bestselling book made complex scientific concepts accessible to millions of readers worldwide and sparked widespread interest in theoretical physics and cosmology.
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A landmark volume in science writing, A Brief History of Time explores the outer reaches of our knowledge of astrophysics and the nature of time and the universe. From the Big Bang to black holes, Stephen Hawking provides a brilliant overview of the development of cosmology and the role that scientific theories play in our understanding of the universe. This bestselling book made complex scientific concepts accessible to millions of readers worldwide and sparked widespread interest in theoretical physics and cosmology.
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Black hole explosions?
This revolutionary paper introduced the concept of Hawking radiation, demonstrating that black holes are not completely black but emit radiation due to quantum effects near the event horizon. This discovery bridged quantum mechanics and general relativity, showing that black holes have a temperature and can eventually evaporate. Hawking radiation has profound implications for our understanding of black holes, thermodynamics, and the ultimate fate of the universe.
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This revolutionary paper introduced the concept of Hawking radiation, demonstrating that black holes are not completely black but emit radiation due to quantum effects near the event horizon. This discovery bridged quantum mechanics and general relativity, showing that black holes have a temperature and can eventually evaporate. Hawking radiation has profound implications for our understanding of black holes, thermodynamics, and the ultimate fate of the universe.
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Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement
This collection of Einstein's papers on Brownian motion provided experimental proof of the existence of atoms and molecules. Einstein's theoretical framework explained the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid as resulting from collisions with fast-moving atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid. His mathematical treatment allowed Jean Perrin to confirm these predictions experimentally, providing strong evidence for the atomic theory of matter and earning Perrin the Nobel Prize in 1926.
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This collection of Einstein's papers on Brownian motion provided experimental proof of the existence of atoms and molecules. Einstein's theoretical framework explained the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid as resulting from collisions with fast-moving atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid. His mathematical treatment allowed Jean Perrin to confirm these predictions experimentally, providing strong evidence for the atomic theory of matter and earning Perrin the Nobel Prize in 1926.
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Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false. One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete.
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In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false. One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete.
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